This paper provides a historical analysis of local electoral systems in Syria, exploring their role in shaping the country’s political, economic, and social dynamics and fostering a centralized governance system. The study traces the evolution of local elections from the Ottoman period to the modern era, emphasizing how electoral frameworks were designed and implemented at the local level.

The paper examines how local elections have historically been shaped by overarching political priorities superseding the representation of political leaders, often serving as tools to legitimize centralized control rather than empower local governance. Electoral systems in Syria mostly established national  elites and enabled them to build their local political patronage networks, sidelining political opposition and instrumentalizing the representation of minorities and women. By analyzing the electoral laws and systems adopted since the early 20th century, the paper reveals how large electoral districts and majoritarian voting methods have consistently disadvantaged marginalized groups and limited grassroots political representation. The claim of reinforcing the national unity of the country often translated into a political economy where national elites usurped local representation to legitimize their control of central political institutions and allowing them to distribute political favors to their clients at the local level. 

The study also highlights the socioeconomic implications of electoral systems even prior to the domination of the Baath party over Syria. The Baath only perfected a political culture reliant on loyalty to centralized authority. The paper shows how administrative reforms, framed as decentralization initiatives, often retained significant power at the center, rendering local councils and institutions functionally dependent on central government directives. The authors underscore the interplay between local electoral systems and the broader governance framework, noting the challenges of designing an inclusive governance model in the future.

Finally, the paper contextualizes its findings within Syria's conflict and recovery, emphasizing the importance of reevaluating electoral systems as part of post-conflict reforms. By addressing historical biases and inequalities in electoral systems, the study argues for a more inclusive and representative approach to local elections, essential for rebuilding trust and fostering stability.

In conclusion, the paper offers critical insights into the historical development of Syria’s local electoral systems, their implications for the future question of balancing the need of preserving the territorial unity of the country with the need to recognize diversity and local interests at the local level. It calls for careful consideration of electoral frameworks to support a sustainable political transition in Syria.