This paper offers an in-depth analysis of the Syrian conflict, emphasizing the importance of understanding its local and historical context for effective peacebuilding. It highlights the Syrian conflict as part of broader changes in the Near East and North Africa, noting its complexity and the surprise it caused to various stakeholders, including the government, opposition forces, media, and international players.

The conflict is portrayed as more than a simplistic narrative, requiring a focus on Syrian stakeholders for resolution. The involvement of international actors, both direct and indirect, is significant, but the document emphasizes that the engagement of Syrian social and political forces is crucial to peacebuilding.

The media's portrayal of the conflict has often been reductionist, pushing the political discourse towards propaganda and exacerbating the civil war. The conflict's prolonged nature has led to fragmentation and instability, with a need for continuous mapping of local dynamics. Building peace in Syria is described as a complex process, requiring diverse approaches and the empowerment of Syrian peace assets.

The paper is structured into four sections: a historical perspective of Syria, a timeline of the crisis with various narratives, key stakeholders in the peace process, and potential entry points for peacebuilding. It stresses the necessity of engaging Syrian stakeholders at multiple levels for a successful peace process.

Historically, Syria's social structure is influenced by ethnic, religious, regional, tribal configurations, and modern economic, political, and ideological interests. Post-independence, Syria experienced political instability, interspersed with military coups. The Baath party's rise to power and the role of the Muslim Brotherhood are highlighted as significant.

Under Bashar Al-Assad, the focus on economic reform overshadowed political reform, leading to growing inequality and dissatisfaction. The alliance between secular leftist opposition and the Muslim Brotherhood, along with the rise of jihadist ideologies and external pressures, further complicated the Syrian political landscape.

In conclusion, the Syrian conflict is rooted in historical grievances, sectarian dynamics, political power struggles, and economic inequalities, necessitating a nuanced understanding for peace and reconciliation.