Omar Abdulaziz Hallaj, speaking at the 3rd Limes Festival in Genova, Italy, discussed the complex situation in Syria, focusing on the emergence and impact of ISIS. He emphasized that the conflict in Syria involves multiple layers and actors with varying local, regional, and international interests. Mr. Hallaj pointed out that the areas controlled by ISIS, representing less than 15% of Syria's population, were strategically significant yet underdeveloped and politically marginalized.

Mr. Hallaj described ISIS as a group that capitalized on the power vacuum and governance failures in Syria, especially in the oil-rich eastern regions. He noted that ISIS established a unique governance model that appeared state-like but operated more like a mafia, with a strong central command yet flexible and de-centralized execution. This approach enabled ISIS to broker deals with local tribes and project power effectively.

He highlighted the differences among Islamist jihadist groups, which compete for resources and ideological influence, underlining the nuanced territorial dynamics in the region. Mr. Hallaj also discussed the challenges posed by ISIS beyond its territorial control, including the radicalization of individuals and the potential impacts of their return to their home countries.

Regarding the broader implications, Mr. Hallaj criticized the traditional nation-state model for global governance, arguing it's unsuitable for many parts of the world. He called for a more realistic and responsive approach to governance and emphasized Europe's role in addressing the challenges surrounding ISIS and the broader Middle Eastern region. Mr. Hallaj stressed the importance of mutual understanding and realistic policies, particularly in the context of Europe's neighborhood policy.

In conclusion, Mr. Hallaj underscored the need for comprehensive strategies to address the root causes of instability and radicalization, beyond mere military solutions against groups like ISIS. He emphasized rebuilding governance structures and understanding the complex interplay of regional dynamics as critical steps towards long-term stability.