While Tal Afar appears stable, this research paper uncovers deeply entrenched yet silenced local conflicts shaped by alliances between select tribal leaders and hashd al-shaʿbi forces. These power structures - at times - manipulate access to aid and services, reinforcing patron-client relationships that disadvantage residents unwilling to conform—especially Arab Sunnis.

The study identifies three core conflicts:

1. Religious Polarization and Armed Group Influence:
   Shiʿi armed groups and select affiliated tribal leaders exert control over local governance and aid distribution, often marginalizing Sunni residents. However, the persistent tradition of intermarriage between Sunni and Shiʿi families challenges the simplistic narrative of sectarian divisions.
   
   

2. Discriminatory Access to Aid and Services:
   Government neglect and sectarian favoritism influence the distribution of humanitarian aid. At times, aid organizations face pressure from powerful actors to conform to exclusionary practices, undermining principles of neutrality and exacerbating grievances.
   
   

3. Land, Property, and Compensation Conflicts:
   Many Sunni residents remain displaced due to political and security barriers that prevent their return, while some have been forced to sell property below market value. Compensation mechanisms are limited and biased, further entrenching inequalities.

The paper highlights how local conflict resolution mechanisms, such as ṣulḥ (tribal mediation) and the courts, often reinforce these inequalities rather than resolving them. Young residents increasingly reject tribal authority and advocate for legal and social reform, emphasizing equal rights, merit-based employment, and fair access to services.

The findings suggest that true peace requires transparent governance and the dismantling of exclusionary patronage networks, allowing all residents—regardless of sect or political affiliation—equal opportunities to rebuild their lives.