The article begins with the historical evolution of decentralization, particularly following the Habitat I Conference in 1976, which linked local development solutions to the role of local authorities. Over time, decentralization became viewed as essential for democratization and enhancing accountability, though empirical research later revealed that it does not always align with democratization.

The article identifies five key drivers that influence the shift towards decentralization: balances of power among ruling elites, the quest for legitimacy, economic challenges, peripheral uprisings, and external factors. Each driver is dissected with case studies to illustrate its impact.

1. Balances of Power: Decentralization can redistribute power among political elites, as seen in France during the Mitterrand reforms, which shifted power from centrally appointed prefects to elected local councils.

2. Legitimacy: Post-Arab Spring, countries like Morocco and Jordan used decentralization to regain legitimacy by expanding local representation and administrative powers.

3. Economic Challenges: Economic pressures often drive decentralization. Tunisia's 2018 reforms aimed at municipal financial independence exemplify the challenges and setbacks when local capacities are insufficient.

4. Peripheral Uprisings: Decentralization can address peripheral discontent, as in Iraq's Kurdish region, though it can also lead to instability if not managed effectively, as seen in Sudan.

5. External Factors: International donors often promote decentralization as part of democratization. However, their support can waver based on geopolitical interests, leading to recentralization, as in Tunisia's recent political impasse.

The article concludes that decentralization processes are complex and context-dependent, requiring continuous negotiation and adaptation. While decentralization does not guarantee democratic outcomes, it can create lasting changes and spaces for local empowerment, contributing to future governance reforms.